Human decomposition
Stages,
Five general stages are used to describe the process of decomposition: Fresh, Bloat, Active and
Advanced Decay, and Dry/Remains. The general stages of decomposition are coupled with two stages of chemical decomposition: autolysis and
putrefaction. These two stages contribute to the chemical process of decomposition, which breaks down the main components of the body
Fresh
The fresh stage begins immediately after the heart
stops beating. Since blood is no longer being pumped through the body it drains to the dependent portions of the body, under gravity, creating an overall bluish-purple discolouration termed livor mortis or, more commonly, lividity. Shortly after death, within three to six hours, the muscular tissues become rigid and incapable of relaxing which is known as rigor mortis. From the moment of death, the body begins losing heat to the surrounding environment, resulting in an
overall cooling called algor mortis.
Once the heart stops, chemical changes occur within the body and result in changes in pH, causing cells to lose their structural integrity. The loss of cell structure brings about the release of cellular enzymes capable of initiating the breakdown of surrounding cells and tissues. This process is known as autolysis. Visible changes caused by decomposition are limited during the fresh stage, although autolysis may cause blisters
to appear at the surface of the skin.
Oxygen present in the body is quickly depleted by the aerobic organisms found within. This creates an ideal environment for the proliferation of anaerobic organisms. Anaerobic organisms, originating in the gastrointestinal tract and respiratory system, begin to transform carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins, to yield organic acids (propionic acid, lactic acid) and gases (methane, hydrogen sulphide, ammonia). The process of microbial proliferation within a body is referred to as putrefaction and leads to the second
stage of decomposition, known as bloat.
Blowflies and flesh flies are the first carrion insects
to arrive, and seek a suitable oviposition site.
Bloat
The bloat stage provides the first clear visual sign that microbial proliferation is underway. In this stage, anaerobic metabolism takes place, leading to the accumulation of gases, such as hydrogen sulphide, carbon dioxide, and methane. The accumulation of gases within the bodily cavity causes the distention of the abdomen and gives a
cadaver its overall bloated appearance. The gases produced also cause natural liquids and
liquefying tissues to become frothy. As the pressure of the gases within the body increases, fluids are forced to escape from natural orifices, such as the nose, mouth, and anus, and enterthe surrounding environment. The buildup of pressure combined with the loss of integrity of the skin may
also cause the body to rupture.
Intestinal anaerobic bacteria transform haemoglobin into sulfhemoglobin and other colored pigments. The associated gases which accumulate within the body at this time aid in the transport of sulfhemoglobin throughout the body via the circulatory and lymphatic systems, giving
the body an overall marbled appearance.
If insects have access, maggots hatch and begin to
feed on the body’s tissues. Maggot activity, typically confined to natural orifices and masses under the skin, causes the skin to slip and hair to
detach from the skin. Maggot feeding, and the accumulation of gases within the body, eventually leads to post-mortem skin ruptures which will then further allow purging of gases and fluids into the
surrounding environment. Ruptures in the skin allow oxygen to re-enter the body and provide more surface area for the development of fly larvae and the activity of aerobic
microorganisms. The purging of gases and fluids results in the strong distinctive odours associated
with decay.
Active Decay
Active decay is characterized by the period of greatest mass loss. This loss occurs as a result of both the voracious feeding of maggots and the purging of decomposition fluids into the
surrounding environment. The purged fluids accumulate around the body and create a cadaver
decomposition island (CDI). Liquefaction of tissues and disintegration become apparent during
this time and strong odours persist. The end of active decay is signaled by the migration of
maggots away from the body to pupate.
Advanced Decay
Decomposition is largely inhibited during advanced decay due to the loss of readily available
cadaveric material. Insect activity is also
reduced during this stage. When the carcass is located on soil, the area surrounding it will show
evidence of vegetation death. The CDI surrounding the carcass will display an increase in soil carbon and nutrients, such as phosphorus,
potassium, calcium, and magnesium; changes in
pH; and a significant increase in soil nitrogen.
Dry/Remains
During the dry/remains stage, the resurgence of plant growth around the CDI may occur and is a sign that the nutrients present in the surrounding
soil have not yet returned to their normal levels.
All that remains of the cadaver at this stage is dry
skin, cartilage, and bones, which will become
dry and bleached if exposed to the elements. If all soft tissue is removed from the cadaver, it is referred to as completely skeletonized, but if only portions of the bones are exposed, it is referredto
as partially skeletonised.
(Source: avantfiat)
(Source: monr-hoes)
(Source: humananatomyfacts)
These are pieces from Bill’s upcoming solo show, “Optical Allusions,” which opens Saturday, May 12th at Gallery Nucleus in Alhambra, California.
How do neurons create memories?
How do connections between neurons become strengthened, so that the connection is ‘remembered’? Scientists know that if they give an electrical impulse to a pair of neurons, the two will communicate more easily in the future. This process is known as long-term potentiation (LTP). The effect can last for weeks, or even months – long enough to make a memory. LTP is especially obvious in the hippocampus, one of the areas of the brain active in memory.
Dissected - Dali, Van Gogh and Picasso
by DDB Brazil for the Museu de Arte de São Paulo (MASP) Art School
awwwweee this is sooooo cute ^_^